Differences between male and female leadership

Differences between male and female leadership There are a variety of conflicting views regarding the differences between male and female leadership styles across the world. The researchers have come up with conflicting results and therefore there are two clubs now that project two opposite views. I will go on now to describe the research associated with the topic. Gender Differences are Significant: The first groups of people under discussion are those who believe that gender differences in leadership styles are very significant and obvious. According to Judy B. Rosener, (1995), A professor in the Graduate School of Management at the University of California, the male and female leadership styles are different, as in, the male leaders generally believe in command and control form of leadership where they dictate orders whereas women believe in participative leadership where they are interactive and want to involve all the people around them in their vision and plans. According to Professor Judy, males are usually very keen about status distinctions, competition and hierarchy in general, whereas women are more interested in focusing on proper communication and breaking down hierarchy. Sally Helgesen (1995) in her book the Female Advantage observes that women in general have a behavior pattern that encourages equality among peers. Not letting their role get in the way. Helgesen continues, they seek to empower those around them by being direct and natural in a way that minimizes their own ego and strips them of the trappings of power which emphasizes boundaries and divisions (p.144). Similarly Nancy Badore, Executive Director of Ford Motor Companys Executive Development Center does not mind admitting that she doesnt mind showing that she doesnt know something or being herself. Mostly, men believe that they need to maintain an aura of control and knowledge to seem superior. She on the other hand has no issues admitting that she is human and does not believe that it makes a difference to her perceived respect as and executive. This highlights a key difference in the way men and women think. (Helgesen,1995, p. 151). Diane Lewis (1998) claims women are different as if it were a fact in her book Equal to the Challenge. In her book she claims that women are very different from men in not just the way they look, they are different as people and have entirely different personality traits. They have different attitudes, behaviors and beliefs and these have come into play because of the vast differences in which men and women are raised in society. She says in her book that These internal differences add up to one big external difference. We women often behave in ways contrary to our success, even to our survival, in the world of work because men are naturally competitive and put winning ahead of harmony and are generally comfortable with rules and structure, where as women are naturally inclined to put harmony above all and sometimes will break rules for the purpose of protecting their loved ones. According to (Powell. 1999) Women network; men do not. Women share information; men do not. Women place cooperation above competition; men do not. Women are more concerned with how things are done, with process, than with merely getting things done; they are more concerned with means than with ends. Unlike men, women do not have an instrumental view of work or of the workers. For women leaders, workers are ends in themselves, not means to an end. This, according to Alice H. Eagly and Linda L. Carli in The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence is an advantage as females are more transformational leaders where as men in general are transactional leaders (based on their personality traits) Thus, these researches make the point that women and men are essentially different from one another and therefore have varying leadership styles that in turn effect their advancement up the corporate ladder. No Visible Differences: Then, another group that counters these researchers is the group that claims that there are no significant differences in the way men and women lead people. Epstein (1990) argues that even if women do bring a different set of qualities to the workplace its myopic to say that its only women who possess those set of qualities. It may be true that men in general are lower on levels of empathy as compared to the average woman; however it does not mean that men who are leaders have lesser empathy as compared to women leaders. Similarly, Gary N. Powell (1999) concludes in his research that sex differences are absent in task-oriented behavior, people-oriented behavior, effectiveness ratings of actual managers, and subordinates responses to actual managers (p.165). he also goes on to say that most of the studies conducted about differences in leadership styles among the sexes are basically biased in themselves as they were not conducted in the actual workplace or among people who were actually leaders (after all, gender differences among ordinary people do not necessarily reflect differences in personality traits of actual leaders) Another later research done by Jane Mansbridge (1991), the differences in between the gender leadership styles are just 1/5th of a standard deviation and are small enough to be ignored. She writes in her book that the difference between men and women styles may be much smaller than the differences between managers of small and large companies, of old and new companies, or old and young managers (pp.154-155). These people therefore argue that the claimed differences in male and female leadership styles are basically stereotypical and severe oversimplification of reality based on our own perceived biases. In actuality men and women are not so different in leading styles as they are projected to be. So what is the conclusion of all this research? Unfortunately, the research is inconclusive. It depends according to Captain Willie L. Parker, Jr. on which particular woman and which particular man we are talking about. This is because women and men are extremely broad classifications. They include people from different ages, education backgrounds, social settings they were raised in and different values. There is no one way that we can use a description that fits all the women all across the world. Therefore its when asking ourselves about qualities that define women, its important to ask ourselves which particular woman and which particular man we are talking about.

The Contribution of George and Myrtle Wilson in The Great Gatsby Essay

The Contribution of George and Myrtle Wilson in The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It is about the rise, the promise and the failure of American Dream. Some minor characters such as George and Myrtle Wilson have contributed to the development of the novel by providing us a contrast of their society that they are living in to the richer society in Long Island as well as a contrast of ideas in terms of modern American Dream. First of all, George and Myrtle Wilson are husband-and-wife who lives in the Valley of Ashes, as depicted in Chapter 2. They are the by-products of the corruption of the American Dream. As a result, their lives – bordered on hardship – can only be described as sustainable. In contrast, people such as Tom and Daisy Buchanan and Gatsby are the ones who have benefited from the corruption of the American Dream. This is clearly portrayed in Chapter 1 and Chapter 3 respectively on the lavish, excessive and careless lifestyle and the grandeur of residence that the Buchanans and Gatsby possess. The Wilsons’ barely sustainable lifestyle is clearly shown in the beginning of Chapter 2 whereby the type of place that they are living in is described as â€Å"a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens and the interior of their house is depicted as unprosperous and bare. On the contrary, the Buchanan’s house is narrated as à ¢â‚¬Å"a cheerful red-and-white Georgian Colonial mansion overlooking the bay, the lawn started at the beach and ran towards the front door for a quarter of a mile, jumping over sun-dials and brick walls and burning gardens†, while Gatsby’s house is illustrated as â€Å"an imitation of some Hotel de Ville in Normandy, with a tower o... ...ney and fame as she struggles to escape from her poor vicinity. However, this is not done through the hard and honest way as she chooses to associate herself with the rich people in an attempt of gaining wealth. The fact that the still physically-intact marriage of the Wilsons symbolises that both the corrupted and true values of American Dream are co-existing together. By pairing up two people with opposite personality as a couple, Fitzgerald has allowed us to understand and compare the ideas of American Dream through the Wilsons’ personality. To conclude, Fitzgerald has intelligently given various important roles to certain minor characters such as George and Myrtle Wilson so that comparisons and similarities can be made out and understood. This will allow us to make our own judgement and most importantly, to fully understand the underlying themes and intention.

Americas Economic Development during the Colonial Period

During the 17th and 18th centuries, European nations were heavily influenced by the economic system of mercantilism—a system which aims at maximizing the wealth of a nation (Scott, 2001). Europeans came to the Americas to increase their wealth, expand their influence, gain more power, and build an empire. To acquire wealth for their motherland, Europeans had to have colonies. The colonists regulated the economic activities of their colonies and then accumulated wealth for the European powers (Score, 2006).From 1607 to 1732, the Europeans colonized thirteen countries, grouped as follows: (1) New England Colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut)—more on shipbuilding and fur trading; (2) Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware)—more cosmopolitan and trading raw materials for manufactured items; and (3) Southern Colonies (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia)—predominantly rural ec onomy (Conte & Karr, 2001).The discovery of these countries resulted in a movement of European populations into the colonies. This demographic change facilitated the economic progress of the colonies. Their citizens of different origins developed a synergy to live together in harmony; utilized their crafts; and created towns with shops, markets, town halls (Think Quest). As the colonies became prosperous, the English realized that the colonies could expand their trade and further prosper.In 1650s and 1660s, England instituted a set of Navigation Acts to limit colonial trade solely to British—and colonies’ exports to and imports from other countries had to be shipped through Great Britain, thereby increasing the latter’s import duty collections, and incomes for re-exportation of goods (Scott, 2001). These trade restrictions somehow benefited the colonies, e. g. , New England’s ship building industry benefited from foreign competition protection, South Caro lina gained from an indigo subsidy, North Carolina profited from bounties on tar and lumber, and various other exporters benefited from zero import tariffs (Scott, 2001).The Navigation Acts were strictly enforced in 1763, which heightened the interest of the colonies to gain their independence from Britain (Scott, 2001). References Conte, Christopher, and Albert R. Karr. (2001). Chapter 3 – The U. S. Economy: A Brief History. An Outline of the U. S. Economy. Retrieved May 25, 2008, from U. S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs Web site: http://usinfo. state. gov/products/pubs/oecon/chap3. htm. Score. (2006). A Study of the colonial economy from 1600-1750.Retrieved May 25, 2008, from Schools of California Online Resources for Education (Score) Web site: http://score. rims. k12. ca. us/score_lessons/. Scott, Carole E. (2001). Mercantilism and the American Revolution. In American Economic History. Retrieved May 25, 2008, from Ancestry. com Web sit e: http://freepages. history. rootsweb. ancestry. com/~cescott/mercan. html. Think Quest. (n. d. ). The Colonial Period. Retrieved May 25, 2008, from Oracle Education Foundation Web site: http://library. thinkquest. org/C007803/colonia_period. htm.

Sun Bear Facts (Helarctos malayanus)

The sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is the smallest species of bear. It gets its common name for the white or golden bib on its chest, which is said to represent the rising sun. The animal is also known as the honey bear, reflecting its love of honey, or the dog bear, referring to its stocky build and short muzzle. Fast Facts: Sun Bear Scientific Name: Helarctos malayanusCommon Names: Sun bear, honey bear, dog bearBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 47-59 inchesWeight: 60-176 poundsLifespan: 30 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Southeast Asia rainforestsPopulation: DecreasingConservation Status: Vulnerable Description The sun bear has short black fur with a pale crescent-shaped bib that may be white, cream, or golden. It has a short, buff-colored muzzle. The bear has small, round ears; an extremely long tongue; large canine teeth; and large, curved claws. The soles of its feet are hairless, which helps the bear climb trees. Adult male sun bears are 10% to 20% larger than females. Adults average between 47 and 59 inches long and weigh between 60 and 176 pounds. The sun bear has curved claws and an extremely long tongue. Freder / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Sun bears live in the evergreen tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia. Their habitat includes northeastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, southern China, and some Indonesian islands. There are two subspecies of sun bear. The Bornean sun bear only lives on the island of Borneo. The Malayan sun bear occurs in Asia and on the island of Sumatra. Diet Sun bears, like other bears, are omnivores. They feed on bees, hives, honey, termites, ants, insect larvae, nuts, figs and other fruit, and sometimes flowers, plant shoots, and eggs. The bears strong jaws easily crack open nuts. Sun bears are hunted by humans, leopards, tigers, and pythons. Behavior Despite its name, the sun bear is largely nocturnal. It relies on its keen sense of smell to find food at night. The bears long claws help it climb and also tear open termite mounds and trees. The bear uses its extremely long tongue to lap up honey from bee hives. Male bears are more likely than females to be active during the day. Although relatively small, sun bears are known to be fierce and aggressive if disturbed. Because they live in the tropics, the bears are active year-round and do not hibernate. Reproduction and Offspring Sun bears reach sexual maturity around 3 to 4 years of age. They can mate at any time of the year. After a gestation period of 95 to 174 days, the females gives birth to one or two cubs (although twins are uncommon). Newborn cubs are blind and hairless and weigh between 9.9 and 11.5 ounces. Cubs are weaned after 18 months. In captivity, male and female bears socialize and jointly care for young. In other bear species the female raises her cubs on her own. The lifespan of highly reclusive wild sun bears is unknown, but captive bears live up to 30 years. Sun bear cubs are born blind and furless. Christian Aslund / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the sun bears conservation status as vulnerable. Bear populations are decreasing in size. The sun bear has been listed on CITES Appendix I since 1979. Threats While it is illegal to kill sun bears throughout their range, commercial hunting is among the species greatest threats. Sun bears are poached for their meat and gall bladders. Bear bile is used in traditional Chinese medicine and is also an ingredient in soft drinks, shampoo, and cough drops. Despite their temperament, sun bears are also illegally captured for the pet trade. The other significant threat to sun bear survival is habitat loss and fragmentation due to deforestation and human encroachment. Forest fires also affect sun bears, but they tend to recover providing there is a neighboring population. Sun bears are kept in captivity for their commercial value and for conservation. They are farmed for their gall bladders in Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. Since 1994, the species has been part of a captive-breeding program with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the European breed registry. The Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre in Sandakan, Malaysia rehabilitates sun bears and works toward their conservation. Sources Brown, G. Great Bear Almanac. 1996. ISBN:978-1-55821-474-3.Foley, K. E., Stengel, C. J. and Shepherd, C. R. Pills, Powders, Vials and Flakes: The Bear Bile Trade in Asia. Traffic Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia, 2011.Scotson, L., Fredriksson, G., Augeri, D., Cheah, C., Ngoprasert, D. Wai-Ming, W. Helarctos malayanus (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T9760A123798233. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9760A45033547.enServheen, C.; Salter, R. E. Chapter 11: Sun Bear Conservation Action Plan. In Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B. (eds.). Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature. pp. 219–224, 1999.Wong, S. T.; Servheen, C. W.; Ambu, L. Home range, movement and activity patterns, and bedding sites of Malayan sun bears Helarctos malayanus in the Rainforest of Borneo. Biological Conservation. 119 (2): 169–181, 2004. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10. 029

How To Use the Spanish Verb Parar

Although the Spanish verb parar is a cognate of the English verb pare, its meaning is far different: It generally means to stop or to halt something or someone, and the words most closely related to parar are usually related to the idea of something being stopped. Parar is conjugated regularly, following the pattern of hablar. Sample Sentences Using Parar Parar can function as either a transitive or intransitive verb. It can be used, respectively, to say that something is being halted or that that someone or something is stopping or that an activity coming to an end. Some examples of parar used transitively: El policà ­a me parà ³ cuando manejaba el auto de mi mamà ¡. (The policeman stopped me when I was driving my mothers car.)En el minuto 11 pararon el partido entre Espaà ±a y Ecuador. (In the 11th minute they halted the match between Spain and Ecuador.)Quieren parar la cosecha para combatir el trabajo infantil. (They want to stop the harvest in order to fight child labor.)Vamos a parar la privatizacià ³n del petrà ³leo. Were going to stop the privatization of oil. In sports usage, intercept can sometimes be a good translation: El portero parà ³ tres penaltis tras la prà ³rroga. (The goalie intercepted three penalty kicks in overtime.) Examples of parar as an intransitive verb: El coche parà ³ en el lado del camino. (The car stopped on the side of the road.)Vamos a parar para rehidratarnos y para descansar. (We are going to stop to rehydrate ourselves and to rest.)Quiero que no pare el concierto. (I hope the concert doesnt end.) The reflexive form pararse can also be used to refer to a person or thing stopping rather than being stopped. Me parà © cuando lleguà © al camino. I stopped when I arrived at the road.No nos vamos a parar a explicaros cà ³mo hacerlo. Were not going to stop to explain to you how to do it. ¿Te paraste a pensar que deberà ­a? Did you stop to think what you should do?Ella se parà ³ frente a mi, sujetando mis hombros. She stopped in front of me, grabbing my shoulders. Using Prepositions With Parar The phrase parar de followed by an infinitive refers to the stopping or quitting of an action: Los Tigres no pararon de festejar en el vestidor. (The Tigers didnt stop celebrating in the locker room.)Hay muchos beneficios de parar de fumar. (There are many benefits to quitting smoking.) The phrase parar en often suggests remaining stationary or staying somewhere: Me parà ³ en la puerta de la habitacià ³n y di un leve toque a la puerta. (I stood at the door of the room and lightly knocked on the door.)Mientras que en una tour de Rumania, paramos en el hotel Wolf en Bran. (While on a tour of Romania, we stayed at the Wolf Hotel in Bran.) The phrase sin parar is very common and refers to something happening nonstop or continuously: Bailamos sin parar en San Isidro lloviera o hiciera sol. (We danced all the time in San Isidro, rain or shine.)Javier comà ­a sin parar con una sonrisa en los labios. (Javier ate nonstop with a smile on his lips.) Words Related to Parar The past participle parado often refers to being unemployed or otherwise idle. As a personality trait, parado can refer to someone being timid; sometimes it is used pejoratively to refer to someone unambitious. In can also refer to someone being taken aback or surprised: Grecia emplearà ¡ temporalmente a 50.000 parados en trabajos para la comunidad. (Greece will temporarily hire 50,000 unemployed people in community jobs.)Mi hijo es muy parado, y por esta causa a mi hija le gusta controlar la situacià ³n. (My son is quite timid, so my daughter likes to control the situation.)Estaba viendo en la televisià ³n como siempre y me encontrà © con algo que me dejà ³ parado. (I was watching the television as always and ran across something that left me stunned.) A parada is a place where vehicles stop to pick up or drop off passengers: La parada de autobuses se encuentra a la salida del aeropuerto. (The bus stop is found at the airports exit.) Key Takeaways Parar is a common verb usually meaning to stop or to halt.Parar can be used transitively (with a direct object) or intransitively (without an object).Sin parar is a common phrase meaning without stopping or continuously.

Family And My Family - 1010 Words

Families, they might be annoying and overbearing at times, but regardless we love our families just as they love you. It doesn’t matter what color, nationality, differing personality’s or even beliefs. Most can agree that no matter how out of this world your family might be you have something in common with others families maybe even more than you might think. Alice walker’s everyday use is a story about a family whose problem may not that different than most families. Mama and her daughters have an appreciation for their heritage, but they struggle to see each other point of view in â€Å"Everyday use† the fictitious family and my family have some similarities and differences concerning Differing perspective, Hard working parents and issue†¦show more content†¦de says â€Å"I couldn’t bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me† (55) meaning that since it’s not an African origin name and more likely that i t came from white people that she doesn’t want it. whereas her mother tells her that she got it from her aunt Dicie and before that her grandma. I have two middle names Tatyana and niche; I have always hated the name Tatyana and wanted to get it changed. My mother told me no because my aunt had given me that name. Dee believes the things that she learned about heritage means more than mamas knowledge of heritage. Mama â€Å"in fact, I probably could have carried it back beyond the Civil War through the branches† (56) meaning that she could have traced it back far, she knew all that she needed about her heritage were as Dee sees her as incompetent because she doesn’t know about her African roots. Personality I connect to this by which Im the nerdy, oddball out my family and sometimes when I talk to people like my siblings or the adults in my family I feel that I’m higher up .In a way when speck sometime I feel like I’m talking to a brick wall. Duri ng an argument Dee and Mama has a disagreement of the quilts should be used. mama says that wants Maggie to have and to use the quilts were as Dee thinks that she should have the quilts and use them as decoration (58). My grandma bought a decorative fan and me and by sisters were arguing on what itShow MoreRelatedMy Family Of The Family1312 Words   |  6 Pages Because my parents’ families are so different, there are few strengths common to all three family sculptures. One strength that applies in most cases is that children near each other in age tend to have close relationships. My family of origin was broken down into pairs: Steven and Daniel, Julia and Michael, Alyssa and Natalie, and Matthew and Emily. All of these paired relationships were generally healthy, and it was within these pairs that we were assigned roles within the family. Because of thisRead MoreMy Family Of The Family1061 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction A person’s family of original is their family he or she grew up in (Welch). This could be a family someone was brought up in or adopted into (Welch). In my case, my family of origin is my family related by blood because I grew up in this household my entire life. There are many types of subfamilies such as single parent families, childless or childfree families, stepfamilies, cohabiting, and same sex families. I was raised in a traditional family and so have all my ancestors tracing backRead MoreMy Family : A Family1205 Words   |  5 PagesMy family comes from a very different background between both my parents. In this family tree summary I will describe how my family emigrated from Ireland in the late 1800s and early 1900s to seek a different lifestyle. My mother and father come from very different backgrounds medically and with very different upbringings. My father, John, side of the family is very different from my mothers. My great great grandparents arrived from Ireland in the late 1800s arriving from Dublin in hope for a brighterRead MoreMy Family Of The Family1594 Words   |  7 PagesOur family of origin plays a large role in socializing us. Specifically, our family of origin â€Å"is the family in which we are raised and socialized to adhere to the customs and norms of the culture in which we live† (Welch, 2012, pg. 6). Who our family members are and how they live their lives influences us, helping to make us into the people we become. I owe a lot to all of my family members and a love them all very much. I grew up in a very family oriented environment which makes me place aRead MoreMy Family : A Family1474 Words   |  6 Pageslearned that my family may not be as dysfunctional as I thought. There are many families out there with crazy combinations of who and what makes up their family. 1/3 of people who married ha ve also been divorced before and people normally repartner within 3-5 years. The United States has one of the highest divorce rates, only Russia has a higher rate. My family is made up of my paternal and maternal biological families, my step father s family and some of my step mother s, along with my adoptive familyRead MoreMy Family : My Own Family Essay1147 Words   |  5 Pages We usually never think that our own family have its own culture. I used to think that a family just does what it supposed to do and that’s exactly what culture is, the way we act, think, feel and even the way we judge is our own culture. Knowing this I decided that the group that I want to describe is my own family. Which consist of four people, two adults and two children. We have the head of our house hold which is my husband, he supports our entire family. He works many hours to be able to supportRead MoreMy Family And The Role Of A Family753 Words   |  4 Pagesin every family have a differen t role to act on. For some families, the roles are equally shared. Every decision they make, they would talk and plan it through with one another. The more traditional family, the male would be in charge of everything since they are consider the â€Å"dominant† one. The male would be the one making the family decision and taking care of the family, while the female would be responsible for the little things such as being the typical role of a wife. In my family, we usedRead MoreFamily Role In My Family1586 Words   |  7 PagesI consider my family to be very small in size on my mom’s side. Yet, my dad’s side is a bit larger. My father and mother never married and I am the only child that they have together. However, both my mom and dad have four kids including myself. I am the youngest on both sides of my family. My siblings on my mom side stayed with other family members and I was the only child who stayed with my mom because she could not afford to take care of us all. Throughout the course of my life, my mom was a singleRead MoreMy Family : A Christian Family1463 Words   |  6 PagesI grew up in Peru in a Christian family, more specifically, an Evangelical one. At first, my family was Catholic however, in the year 2000 we converted to Evangelical. The mom of one of my friends in preschool invited my parents to her church’s anniversary and that is when everything changed for my family. Back then, I was a 6 year old child who did not have an understand of what was happening; all I can remember is my parents taking me and my sisters to the church every Sunday. By seeing old picturesRead MoreMy Family As A Normal Family1357 Words   |  6 Pagesto ask a lot these days, especially after my two children have been diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, tends to be: â€Å"What is normal?† Growing up, I would consider my family to be a â€Å"normal family.† I have a mother and father who have been married for 38 years, and a younger brother who is three years and four months younger than I am. We were the typical four-person family with one daughter and one son. My mother considered us the â€Å"perfect family† because she had the best of both worlds

Myocardial Infarction Secondary to Prolong †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Explanation Myocardial Infarction? Answer: Introducation Myocardial infarction, also known as heart attack is the irreversible death of myocardial cells secondary to prolonged lack of oxygen supply (ischaemia) (Berman et al., 2014). Myocardial infarction often results from imbalanced oxygen supply and demand, which is often as a result of rupturing of a plaque alongside thrombus formation in either coronary artery, leading to an acute reduction in the amount of blood supplied parts of the myocardium. Myocardial infarctions are primarily caused by coronary heart disease (CHD), also known as atherosclerosis (Bullock Hales, 2012). The condition causes hardening of arteries through the deposition of fatty calcified plaques. Heart attacks are typically triggered by a blood clot blocking a coronary artery (McCance Huether, 2014). Risk factors for myocardial infarction may be classified into either nonmodifiable risk factors or modifiable risk factors. Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, sex and family history of chronic heart disease, whereas modifiable ones include smoking and tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, excessive alcohol intake, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle and/or lack of exercise (Mehta, Wei, Wenger, 2015; Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving, 2011). Drawing on the current case study, the patient exhibits some of these signs which include a smoking history, alcohol drinking, obesity and elevated cholesterol le vel. Myocardial infarction is a common condition affecting over half a million Australians. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality accounting for at least 55,000 cases of heart attack per year, and an average of 9,286 deaths, as per 2012 statistics (Heart Research Australia, 2014). These figures translate to about one heart attack in every ten minutes, and an average of 25 deaths per day attributed to myocardial infarction. The incidence of the condition is claimed to be rising at about 1.98% annually, with an observed significant increase of incidence among those aged 50 to 80 years (Wong et al., 2013). Younger age groups have evidenced stable or increasing Myocardial infarction rates compared to stable or decreasing myocardial infarction rates among older age groups (Nedkoff et al., 2011). Myocardial infarction has an impact on both the patient and the entire family since its consequences are perpetuated through one's entire life, resulting in the need for permanent care. One of the primary impacts on the family is emotional disability by fear of death, disability, and fear of the unknown (Salminen-Tuomaala, stedt-Kurki, Rekiaro, Paavilainen, 2013). Mr. Tupa's wife and children may also experience difficult times as it affects the dynamics of the family by causing feelings of fear, anxiety, and distress after heart attack episodes. The possibility of losing a family member also triggers psychological distress. The patient's wife may have to strain economically so as to sustain the new financial demands. Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms Link to pathophysiology Severe chest pain Severe chest pain presents as the primary symptom of myocardial infarction. The pain is often claimed to radiate to the left shoulder, neck, jaw or arm (Malik Khan, 2013). The pain is typically described as pressure-like, crushing or tight pain which may also radiate to other body parts aforementioned. The pain is as a result of acute blockage of a coronary artery as a result of ruptured plaques in the artery walls. Shortness of breath The heart and lungs have to function in together. Defective heart function often inhibits the transport of blood to tissues. Inadequate oxygen in the system is indicated by shortness of breath as a warning sign. In myocardial infarction, heart muscles are affected hence affected their contraction and as a result, impair blood flow and consequentially the transport of oxygen between lungs and the body. Dyspnoea is attributed to heart muscle damage causing a decline in pump function of the left ventricle, and as a result, left ventricular failure and pulmonary oedema occurs (Senecal, Caldera, Passeri, 2011). Fatigue Fatigue is reported to be a frequent precursor of heart attack (Mosca, Hammond, Mochari-Greenberger, Towfighi, Albert, 2013). Fatigue is evidenced by presentations such as excessive sleep during inappropriate times, reduced participation in social activities, reduced libido and overall slowing down. The involvement of fatigue in myocardial infarction is attributed to early left ventricular dysfunction. The early dysfunction is attributed to chronic heart disease due to the presence of an atrial gallop (Blakeman Booker, 2016). Light-headedness Light-headedness and dizziness are also reported in persons with myocardial infarction and other conditions such as high blood pressure (Jaffe, 2013). These symptoms are an indication of perturbation of spatial orientation and normal perception of balance. Light-headedness and dizziness may be as a result of reduced blood flow to the brain. Nausea, diaphoresis, palpitations, anxiety and vomiting Myocardial infarction episodes are also characterised by excessive sweating, nausea, vomiting, palpitation and anxiety (often felt like an impending doom) These presentations are attributed to the massive surge of adrenalin and noradrenalin from the sympathetic nervous system as a response to the pain and hemodynamic abnormities caused by cardiac dysfunction. Drugs for Myocardial Infarction Drug therapy for myocardial infarction aims at reducing morbidity and preventing complications associated with the condition. myocardial infarction can be treated using vasodilators, thrombolytics, anti-thrombolytics, antiarrhythmics, and analgesics (Lim McKenna, 2012). The current patient has been prescribed with morphine as the analgesic and sublingual glyceryl trinitrate as a nitrodilator. Vasodilators Vasodilators are used to relax smooth muscles of blood vessels hence causing dilation of blood vessels to achieve blood flow at much ease. Dilation of arteries leads to reduced systemic vascular resistance, which results in a drop in arterial blood pressure, whereas dilation of veins decreases venous blood pressure (Klabunde, 2012). There are various mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle relaxation. One of the mechanisms is to increase cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) which prevents the interaction of myosin with actin, the second mechanism is to decrease intracellular calcium ions, and the last mechanism is to prevent depolarization of cell membranes of vascular smooth muscles (Katzung, 2012). Vasodilators are classified according to the type of vessel they affect. The basic classification includes arterial dilators, venous dilators, and mixed dilators. Most dilators used are the mixed type since they have a wide spectrum of application. Arterial dilators reduce arterial pressure by reducing systemic vascular resistance, whereas venous dilators are used in dilation of venous capacitance for two primary purposes; a) to reduce preload on the heart and as a result, reduce cardiac output, and 2) decreasing proximal hydrostatic pressure to reduce edema formation (Klabunde, 2012). Mixed dilators on the other end have a balanced effect on both veins and arteries. Thrombolytics These drugs are used to lyse thrombi occurring in the vascular bed, coronary, pulmonary, or cerebral vessels, and in the case of myocardial infarction, lysis of thrombi of the coronary artery. Thrombolytics achieve the mechanism of thrombolysis by activating plasminogen to form plasmin. Plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme that breaks cross-links between fibrin molecules (the primary structural binder of blood clots) (OGara et al., 2013; (Anderson, 2016). Thrombolytics are classified into either urokinase, streptokinase, or tissue plasminogen activator, and they all have the clots dissolution abilities (Klabunde, 2012). Nursing Care Strategies The goals of treatment of a case presenting with myocardial infarction include relieving chest pain, reducing the cardiac workload, stabilizing heart rhythm, revascularization of the coronary artery, and preservation of myocardial tissue (Lippincott, 2012). Nursing management plays a critical role in this management. The following are some of the priority nursing care strategies for the first 24-hours post-emergency department. Administration of antiarrhythmics The first 48 hours are characterised by arrhythmias as the predominant problem (Lippincott, 2012). Management of the same stands out as a nursing priority, and it may require the administration of antiarrhythmic, and ultimately monitoring of the same with a pacemaker. Administration of thrombolytics The entire episode of myocardial infarction is attributed to an involvement of a thrombus. Hence, its management stands out as a nursing priority, and the same should be undertaken as early as possible into the treatment. Early administration of thrombolytics prevents any possibility of reinfarction. Monitoring and assessment of severity, location, duration and type of pain experienced by the patient, followed by the administration of analgesics as prescribed The administration of analgesics is of critical importance in the management of the myocardial infarction event. Pain management is a nursing priority as it helps the patient get relieve from severe pain, and also reduce reaction of the patient to pain in order to reduce patient anxiety. Avoid intramuscular administrations because absorption at the muscles is unpredictable and bleeding may also result if the patient is on thrombolytics. Monitor the patients blood pressure after administration of nitro-glycerine, especially after administration of the initial dose Monitor electrocardiograms before and after the administration of nitro-glycerine, alongside pulmonary artery catheter measurements and blood pressure. Monitor for tachypnoea, oedema, cough and crackles. Monitor these signs of fluid retention, which may be indicative of impending heart failure. In addition, monitor serum enzyme levels, and respirations. Also, perform periodic auscultation for adventitious breath sounds. Administration of clear fluid diets until nausea subsides This will also help maintain adequate hydration, provide the required energy, and also supply some of the required electrolytes (Lippincott, 2012). A low-cholesterol, low sodium, low fat, high fiber diet is recommended. Administration of stool-softener The aim of such is to prevent strain during defecation which leads to vagal stimulation, with the risk of slowing the heart rate (Lippincott, 2012). Provision of emotional support The nurse providing emotional support helps reduce stress and anxiety. It is also advisable to administer tranquilizers if need be. To provide support and show compassion, help the patient understand the position he is in. 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